Selected Cases by Article & Issues

Article 1594 Cases
Article 218 Cases
Article 350 Cases
Article 4153 Cases
Article 51 Cases
Article 680 Cases
Article 7208 Cases
Article 893 Cases

(1) For the purposes of this Convention statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to his intent where the other party knew or could not have been unaware what that intent was.

(2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable, statements made by and other conduct of a party are to be interpreted according to the understanding that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same circumstances.

(3) In determining the intent of a party or the understanding a reasonable person would have had, due consideration is to be given to all relevant circumstances of the case including the negotiations, any practices which the parties have established between themselves, usages and any subsequent conduct of the parties.

Number Issue # Cases
1 Interpretation of statements or other conduct of a party 12
1.1 According to party's own intent where other party knew of such intent 27
1.2 Otherwise, according to understanding of reasonable person of same kind in same circumstances 34
2 Relevant circumstances for purposes of interpretation 17
2.1 Negotiations 13
2.2 Practices established between parties 13
2.3 Subsequent conduct of parties 11
2.4 Usages
3 Parol evidence rule 11
4 Merger clause 5
Article 953 Cases
Article 109 Cases
Article 1134 Cases
Article 126 Cases
Article 132 Cases
Article 1446 Cases
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Article 1949 Cases
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Article 1010 Cases