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(1) A party is not liable for a failure to perform any of his obligations if he proves that the failure was due to an impediment beyond his control and that he could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequences. (2) If the party's failure is due to the failure by a third person whom he has engaged to perform the whole or a part of the contract, that party is exempt from liability only if: (a) he is exempted under the preceding paragraph; and (b) the person whom he has so engaged would be so exempt if the provisions of that paragraph were applied to him. (3) The exemption provided by this article has effect for the period during which the impediment exists. (4) The party who fails to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect on his ability to perform. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment, he is liable for damages resulting from such non- receipt. (5) Nothing in this article prevents either party from exercising any right other than to claim damages under this Convention.

	Author	Title	Publisher
	ANELLI, I.	La forza maggiore nel contratto di vendita internazionale	RIVISTA DOTTORI COMMERCIALISTI, 1983, 10
	ASAM, H. / KINDLER, P.	Ersatz des Zins- und Geldentwertungsschadens nach dem Wiener Kaufrechtsübereinkommen vom 11.4.1980 bei deutsch-italienischen Kaufverträgen	RECHT DER INTERNATIONALEN WIRTSCHAFT, 1989, 841-849
	BACH, I. / STIEBER, C.	Die Unmöglichkeit der Leistung im CISG	Internationales Handelsrecht, 6 (2006), pp. 59-67
	BENEDICK G.	Die Informationspflichten im UN-Kaufrecht (CISG) und ihre Verletzung.	Munich 2008, Sellier
	BOLLÉE, S.	The Theory of Risk in the 1980 Vienna Sale of Goods Convention	Review of the Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 1999-2000, 245-290
	BONELL, M.J.	'Force Majeure' e 'Hardship' nel diritto uniforme della vendita internazionale	DIRITTO DEL COMMERCIO INTERNAZIONALE, 1990, 543-571
	BONELL, M.J.	La prima decisione italiana in tema di Convenzione di Vienna sulla vendita internazionale (nota a sent. Tribunale Monza 14 gennaio 1993)	GIURISPRUDENZA ITALIANA 1994, I, 145-150
	BRAND, R.A.	Article 79 and a transactions test analysis of the CISG	in: FERRARI, F. - FLECHTNER, H. - BRAND, R.A. (Eds.) - The draft UNICITRAL digest and beyond. Cases, analysis and unresolved issues in the U.N. Sales Convention, München, Sellier, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2003, 392-407.
	BRUNNER C.	Force Majeure and Hardship under General Contract Principles. Exemption for Non-Performance in International Arbitration	Wolters Kluwer, 2009
	BUND, J. M.	Force Majeure Clauses: Drafting Advice for the CISG Practitioner	17 Journal of Law and Commerce (1998), 381-413
	CAYTAS, I.G.,	Der unerfüllbare Vertrag. Anfängliche und nachträgliche Leistungshindernisse und Entlastungsgründe: im Recht der CH, D, A, F, I, GB (Wilmington - Zürich), 1984
	DE NOVA, G.,	Risoluzione per eccessiva onerosità e Convenzione di Vienna	I CONTRATTI, 1993, 584
	DIAMOND, A.L.,	Force Majeure and Frustration Under the International Sales Contracts	McKENDRICK, E. (ed.), FORCE MAJEURE AND FRUSTRATION OF CONTRACTS (LONDON, LLOYD'S OF LONDON PRESS), 1991
	DRAETTA, U.,	Force majeure clauses in international trade practice	REVUE DE DROIT DES AFFAIRES INTERNATIONALES, 5, 1996, 547-559
	FALLON, M. / PHILIPPE, D.	La Convention de Vienne sur les contrats de vente internationale de merchandises	Journal des Tribunaux 117, 1998, 17-38
	FERRARI F.	Tribunale di Vigevano: specific aspects of the CISG uniformly dealt with	Journal of Law and Commerce, 20 (2001) spring, 225-239
	FERRARI, F.	Burden of proof under the CISG	Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), (2000-2001), 1-10
	FERRARI, F.,	Burden of Proof under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods	Revue de droit des affaires internationales, 2000, 665-670
	GOFF, R.,	Force Majeure and Frustration	AA.VV., LA VENDITA INTERNAZIONALE, ATTI CONVEGNOS. MARGHERITA LIGURE (26-28 SETT. 1980), QUADERNIGIUR. COMM. 39 (MILANO), 1981, 303-325
	GUSTIN M.,	Le transfert des risques et l'impossibilité d'exécution dans la CVIM	Revue de Droit des Affaires Internationales / International Business Law Journal, n. 3/4, 2001, 379-400
	HUBER, U.,	Die Rechtsbehelfe der Parteien, insbesondere der Erfüllungsanspruch, die Vertragsaufhebung und ihre Folgen nach UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zu EKG und BGB	SCHLECHTRIEM, P. (ed.) EINHEITLICHES KAUFRECHT UND NATIONALES OBLIGATIONENRECHT (FACHTAGUNG FREIBURG I.BR. 16/17.2.1987) (BADEN-BADEN), 1987, 199-223
	HUDSON, H.,	Exemption and Impossibility Under the Vienna Convention	FORCE MAJEURE AND FRUSTRATION OF CONTRACTS (LONDON, LLOYD'S OF LONDON PRESS), 1991, 175-194
	JANSER, J.	Die Haftung des Verkäufers für Vorlieferanten, insbesondere bei mangelhafter Ware, nach CISG, OR und BGB	Schulthess, Zürich, 2003, pp. 62 (Veröffentlichungen aus dem Nachdiplomstudium Internationales Wirtschaftsrecht der Universitaet Zürich und dem Europa Institut Zürich, 26)
	KARR, T.,	The New Euro: The Legal Continuity of Contracts Based on the Franc When France Converts to the Euro	12 The Transnational Lawyer, 1999, 203-240
	KASTELY, A.H.,	The Right to Require Performance in International Sales: Towards an International Interpretation of the Vienna Convention	63 WASHINGTON LAW REVIEW 607-651 (1988)
	KATO, R.	Clausula Rebus Sic Stantibus Under The Vienna Sales Convention on Article 79 of the CISG.	Kokusai Shoji Homu (Tokyo), 2009, pp. 5-14.
	KEIL, A.,	Die Haftungsbefreiung des Schuldners im UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich mit dem deutschen und US-amerikanischen Recht, Europ. Hochschulschriften, Bd 1413 (Frankf., Berlin, Bern, N.Y., Lang), 1993
	KONARSKI, H.	Force majeure and hardship clauses in international contractual practice [in English and French]	Revue de droit des affaires internationales / International Business Law Review, 2003, 405-428
	KRÜGER U.	Modifizierte Erfolgshaftung im UN-Kaufrecht. Die Haftungsbefreiung bei Lieferung vertragswidriger Ware gemäß Art. 79 CISG	Lang Verlag, Frankfurt. a. M., [et al.], 1999, pp. 222 (Internationalrechtliche Studien; 9)
	LAUTENBACH, B.R.,	Die Haftungsbefreiung im internationalen Warenkauf nach dem UN-Kaufrecht und dem schweizerischen Kaufrecht (Thése, Zürich), 1990
	LEE, W.,	Exemption of Contract Liability Under the 1980 U.N. Convention	8 DICKINSON JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 375-394 (1990)
	LINNE, A. L.	Burden of Proof under Art. 35 CISG	Pace International Law Review (White Plains, N.Y.), Spring 2008, pp. 31-44.
	LOOKOFSKY J.,	Walking the article 7(2) tightrope between CISG and domestic law	in: The Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 87-105
	LOOKOFSKY, J.M.,	The Basis of Liability: A Comparative Analysis of the Fault and No-Fault Theories of Contractual Liability pursuant to the Danish Sale of Goods Act, the UCC and CISG (Kobenhavn), 1981
	MAGNUS U.,	The remedy of avoidance of contract under CISG - general remarks and special cases	in: The Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 25, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 423-436
	MAGNUS, U.,	Das UN-Kaufrecht: Fragen und Probleme seiner praktischen Bewährung	ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR EUROPÄISCHES PRIVATRECHT, 6, 1997, 823-846
	MAGNUS, U.,	Erfahrungen mit dem Haager Waren-Kaufrecht, Erwartungen von der UNCITRAL-Konvention	HOYER, H. / POSCH, W. (eds.) DAS EINHEITLICHE WIENER KAUFRECHT (WIEN), 1992, 5-29
	MAREK, R. H.,	Continuity for Transatlantic Commercial Contracts after the Introduction of the Euro	66 Fordham Law Review 1998, 1985- 2031
	MAZZONI, A.,	Cause di esonero nella Convenzione di Vienna sulla vendita internazionale di cose mobili e 'force majeure' nei contratti internazionali	RIVISTA DEL DIRITTO COMMERCIALE E DEL DIRITTO DELLE OBBLIGAZIONI, 1991, I, 539
	MERCIER, V.,	Le point de vue du vendeur: propos d'un praticien (Dossier/Symposium: La Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale)	DROIT ET PRATIQUE DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL, 1989, 564-572
	MOISAN, P.,	Technique contractuelle et gestion des risques dans les contrats internationaux: les cas de force majeure et d'imprevision	LES CAHIERS DE DROIT, 1994, 281-334
	MORSCHER, T.,	Staatliche Rechtssetzungsakte als Leistungshindernisse im internationalen Warenkauf: Ihre kollisionsrechtliche Behandlung im schweizerischen IPR-Gesetz und im UN-Kaufrecht, (Basel), 1992
	NEUMAYER, K.H.,	Offene Fragen zur Anwendung des Abkommens der Vereinten Nationen über den internationalen Warenkauf	RECHT DER INTERNATIONALEN WIRTSCHAFT (RIW), 1994, 99-109
	NEWMAN, W.L. / BURROWS, M.	Changed Circumstances Under the U.N. Sales Convention	in: Newman, W.L. / Burrows, M., The practice of International Litigation. 2nd ed., Juris Publishing Inc., 1998, Part. VI, Chapter 5, VI.39-VI.48
	NICHOLAS, B.,	Force Majeure and Frustration	27 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE LAW 231-245 (1979)
	NICHOLAS, B.,	The Prerequisites and Extent of Liability for Breach of Contract Under the UN-Convention (CISG)	SCHLECHTRIEM, P. (ed.), EINHEITLICHES KAUFRECHT UND NAT. OBLIGATIONENRECHT (FACHTAGUNG FREIBURG I.BR 16-17/2/1987) (BADEN-BADEN, NOMOS), 1987, 283-288
	NICHOLAS, B.,	Impracticability and Impossibility in the U.N. Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods	GALSTON, N.M. / SMIT, H. (eds.), INTERNATIONAL SALES (CONFERENCE AT PARKER SCHOOL) (NEW YORK, MATTHEW BENDER), 1984, ch. 5
	PANTALEON, F.,	Las nuevas bases de la responsabilidad contractual	ANUARIO DE DERECHO CIVIL (1993) 1719-1745
	PELLEGRINO, M.,	Subjektive oder objektive Vertragshaftung?	ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR EUROPÄISCHES PRIVATRECHT, 1997, 41-57
	PLANTARD, J.P.,	Disposiciones comunes a las obligaciones del vendedor y del comprador (Coloquio Ciudad del México 28/31.7.1981)	ANUARIO JURIDICO, 1983, 97-102
	RACZYNSKA, M.	Recoverability of the Buyer’s Lost Resale Profit under CISG.	Nordic Journal of Commercial Law (Turku, Finland) no.2/2007.
	RAPSOMANIKIS, M.G.,	Frustration of Contract in International Trade Law and Comparative Law	18 DUQUESNE LAW REVIEW 551-573 (1980)
	RATHJEN, P.	Haftungsentlastung des Verkäufers oder Käufers nach Art. 79, 80 CISG	RECHT DER INTERNATIONALEN WIRTSCHAFT (RIW), 1999, 561-565
	RAWACH, E.	La validité des clauses exonératoires de responsabilité et la Convention de Vienne sur la vente internationale de marchandises	Revue Internationale de Droit Comparé, 2001 n. 1, pp. 141-157
	REMY-CORLAY P.,	Force majeure, imprévision et faute: la repartition des risques dans la Convention de Vienne	in Revue trimestrielle de droit civil, 2005, pp.354-357
	RIMKE, J.	Force majeure and hardship: Application in International Trade Practice with Specific Regard to the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts	Review of the Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 1999-2000, 193-244
	RUMMEL, P.,	Schadensersatz, höhere Gewalt und Fortfall der Geschäftsgrundlage	HOYER, H. / POSCH, W. (eds.), DAS EINHEITLICHE WIENER KAUFRECHT, (WIEN), 1992, 177-194
	SEVON, L.	The New Scandinavian Codification on the Sale of Goods and the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods	in: SCHLECHTRIEM, P. (ed.), EINHEITLICHES KAUFRECHT UNDNATIONALES OBLIGATIONENRECHT, (FACHTAGUNG FREIBURGI.BR. 16/17.2.1987) (BADEN-BADEN) 1987, 343-357
	SILVA-RUIZ, P.	Some Remarks about the 1980 Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods - Emphasis on Puerto Rico	6 ARIZONA JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW 137-146 (1987)
	SILVA-RUIZ, P.,	The UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods: A Note on Exemption from Liability for Failure to Perform	CRANSTON, R. / GOODE, R. (eds.), COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER LAW: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS (OXFORD - CLARENDON PRESS), 1993, 54-59
	SILVA-RUIZ, P.F.,	La exoneración de responsabilidad en la compraventa internacional	REVISTA JURIDICA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD INTERAMERICANA DE PUERTO RICO, 1996, 253-286
	SLATER S.-D.,	Overcome by Hardship: the Inapplicability of the UNIDROIT Principles' Hardship Provisions to CISG	Florida Journal of International Law, n. 2, 1998, 231-262
	STOLL H. / GRUBER G.	Artt. 79-80 CISG	in: SCHLECHTRIEM P. / SCHWENZER I. (eds.), Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN-Kaufrecht, 4th ed., C.H. Beck, München 2004, 747-780
	STOLL H. / GRUBER G.	Arts. 79-80 CISG	in: Schlechtriem P. / Schwenzer I. (eds.), Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford 2005, 806-844
	STOLL, H.,	Inhalt und Grenzen der Schadensersatzpflicht sowie Befreiung von der Haftung im UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zu EKG und BGB	SCHLECHTRIEM, P. (ed.), EINHEITLICHES KAUFRECHT UND NATIONALES OBLIGATIONENRECHT (FACHTAGUNG FREIBURGI.BR. 16/17.2.1987) (BADEN-BADEN), 1987, 257-281
	TALLON D.	Arts. 79-84 CISG	in: BIANCA C.M. / BONELL M.J. (eds.), Commentary on the International Sales Law, Giuffrè, Milano 1987, 572-612
	THOMSON J.,	The New Chinese Contracts Law and its Relevance for Sino-Australian Investors	16 Journal of Contract Law, 2000, 254-274
	Van den HOLE, L.,	L'exonération de responsabilité dans l'article 79 CISG en comparaison avec le droit allemand, français, belge et la common law	Revue de droit com. belge (1998) 356-375
	VILUS, J.,	Provisions Common to the Obligations of the Seller and the Buyer	SARCEVIC, P. / VOLKEN, P. (eds.), INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS, DUBROVNIK LECTURES (NEW YORK, OCEANA), 1986, 239-264
	VISCHER, F.,	Gemeinsame Bestimmungen über Verpflichtungen des Verkäufers und des Käufers (Lausanner Kolloquium 19./20.11.1984)	WIENER ÜBEREINKOMMEN VON 1980 ÜBER DEN INTERNATIONALEN WARENKAUF, SCHWEIZERISCHES INSTITUT FÜR RECHTSVERGLEICHUNG (ZÜRICH), 1985, 173-184
	WEBER, R.H.,	Vertragsverletzungsfolgen: Schadensersatz, Rückabwicklung, vertragliche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten	BUCHER, E. (ed.), WIENER KAUFRECHT, BERNER TAGE FÜR DIE JURISTISCHE PRAXIS 1990 (BERN), 1991, 165-210
	WEITZMANN, T.,	Validity and excuse in the U.N. Sales Convention	The Journal of Law and Commerce, Spring 1997, 265-290
	WINSHIP, P.	Exemptions under article 79 of the Vienna sales convention	Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, 68 (2004), 495-510
	ZUPPI, L.,	A Comparison of Buyer's Remedies under the CISG with the Latin American Tradition	Pace International Law Review (ed.), Review of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Kluwer Law International (The Hague / London / Boston) 1